Experiences of ZHAO Yonghou in Differentiation and Staged Treatment of Schizophrenia Using the Theory of Ti （Character， 体） and Yong （Function， 用） in Mental Illness / 中医杂志

Based on the theory of ti （character， 体） and yong （function， 用） in mental illness， ZHAO Yonghou's clinical experience in staged differentiation and treatment of schizophrenia is summarized. According to the theory， the core disease location of schizophrenia is in the brain， which is closely related to the organs， qi， and blood. It is proposed to interpret the pathogenesis of schizophrenia from the perspective of “zang-fu organs-qi and blood-brain and spirit”， that is， dysfunction of the zang-fu organs， disharmony of qi and blood， and malnourishment of the brain ti lead to dysfunction of the spirit ti and yong. In clinical practice， treatment of schizophrenia can be divided into four stages， for which the method of treating ti and yong simultaneously is suggested. In the prodromal stage， Liuwei Dihuang Decoction combined with Sini San （六味地黄汤合四逆散） with modifications is used to nourish the kidney and boost marrow， soothe the liver and rectify the spleen. For acute exacerbation with binding of phlegm and heat syndrome， Zhaoshi Yikuang Decoction （赵氏抑狂汤） with modifications is used to clear heat and dispel phlegm， awaken the brain and calm the mind. For phlegm-heat damaging yin pattern， Mengshi Guntan Pill combined with Zengye Decoction （礞石滚痰丸合增液汤） with modifications is used to clear heat and dispel phlegm， enrich yin and calm the mind. For the chronic treatment stage， Yudian Decoction （愈癫汤） with modifications is used to disperse phlegm and dissolve stasis， move qi and awaken the mind. For the rehabilitation and regulation stage， Shenan Pill （神安丸） with modifications is used to boost qi and nourish yin， and tranquilize the mind.

A study of prevalence and comparison of anxiety and depression among separated, divorced and widowed females in the rural population

Background: Psychological distress is an important immediate outcome of the death of a spouse or divorce, which may arise because of financial and emo?onal challenges and can lead to adverse health outcomes with more stress, anxiety, depression, and social isola?on than the general popula?on. Methods: Cross-sec?onal study among separated, divorced, and widowed females from two rural villages. All eligible par?cipants were screened for depression and anxiety using DSM 5 criteria. The severity of depression was assessed using the Hamilton depression ra?ng scale (HDRS) and for anxiety, the Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA) was used. Results: Out of 162 women, 30% had mild depression whereas 42% of widow and divorced women had moderate levels of depression but it is in 50% of separated women. Severe and very severe level of depression was in around 20% of widowed and divorced women compared to 16% of separated women. There was no anxiety in around 80% of divorced and widowed women whereas 24.3% of separated women had severe anxiety. On regression analysis, separated women, dependent women, and those with less than two years of dura?on of separa?on had higher levels of depression and anxiety. Conclusion: The prevalence of Depression and Anxiety is more common in all three groups. Moderate to severe Depression is around 75% among divorced/separated and widowed females but moderate to severe anxiety was more in separated women compared to widowed women. Dependency and the early phase of widowhood/separa?on were also important associated factors.

Mental illness attitudes in medical education: Assessing the stigma in medical students / Actitudes hacia los trastornos mentales en la educación médica: evaluando el estigma en estudiantes médicos

Abstract Introduction Factors affecting the quality of physician care include a shortage of trained staff, stigma, and discrimination. Objective The objective was to compare the intensity of stigmatization before and after a Psychiatry course, as measured by the scale of clinicians' attitudes towards mental illness, a version for medical students (MICA-2) designed to identify stigmatic attitudes towards mental disorders. Method The fifth-year Medicine students enrolled in the Psychiatry course answered anonymously using the MICA-2 test at the start and the end of their course. Additionally, we asked the students to answer a question about their interest in learning more about mental illness. Results Three hundred and thirty students were invited; 300 agreed to participate in the first application of the scales, and 291 in the follow-up. The average age was 22 ± 2 years, with a range of 20-30 years, and there was a similar gender distribution in both applications. In the initial application, the average score of the MICA-2 was 41.34 (SD = 7.86, 95% CI = [40.43, 42.25]). The follow-up application's mean was 37.10 (SD = 8.15, 95% CI = [36.30, 38.15]). Also, there was a decrease in interest in learning more about mental illness. Discussion and conclusion A reduction in the average scores of the MICA-2 was observed after a Psychiatry course, suggesting that attitudes toward mental disorders improved. A Psychiatry clerkship with close supervision modified the attitudes of medical students toward mental disorders. However, it did not increase their interest in learning more about mental illness.

Resumen Introducción Los factores que afectan la calidad de la atención médica incluyen: la escasez de personal capacitado, el estigma y la discriminación. Objetivo El objetivo fue comparar la intensidad de la estigmatización antes y después del curso de Psiquiatría, se utilizó la escala de las actitudes de los clínicos hacia la enfermedad mental, versión para estudiantes médicos (MICA-2), diseñada para identificar actitudes estigmatizantes hacia los trastornos mentales. Método Los estudiantes médicos de quinto año que tomaban el curso de Psiquiatría respondieron de forma anónima la escala MICA-2 al inicio y al final del curso. Además, se les preguntó sobre su interés en aprender más sobre los trastornos mentales. Resultados Se invitaron a 330 estudiantes; 300 aceptaron participar en la primera aplicación de las escalas y 291 en el seguimiento. La edad promedio fue de 22 ± 2 años, con un rango de 20-30 años; con una distribución de género similar en ambas aplicaciones. En la aplicación inicial, la puntuación media del MICA-2 fue de 41.34 (DE = 7.86, IC 95% = [40.43, 42.25]). En la de seguimiento, la media fue de 37.10 (DE = 8.15, IC 95% = [36.30, 38.15]). El interés en aprender más sobre los trastornos mentales disminuyó. Discusión y conclusión Observamos una reducción en los puntajes promedio después de tomar el curso de Psiquiatría, lo que sugiere que las actitudes hacia los trastornos mentales mejoraron. Un curso de Psiquiatría con mayor disposición y supervisión estrecha modificó las actitudes hacia los trastornos mentales de los estudiantes médicos, pero su interés en aprender más sobre los trastornos mentales disminuyó.

Role of herbs at the crossroads of metabolic syndrome and mental illness

The potential use of herbs in treating and managing comorbidities is emerging. Mental illnesses (MIs) are a widespread cause of distress and dysfunction and substantially impact one's quality of life. While the precise reason for the onset of mental illness is elusive, several chronic health complications, including metabolic syndrome (MetS), affect an individual's well-being. Thus, it is beneficial to identify the intercepts and explore the role of herbs in combating MetS-associated MIs or vice versa. This study explores the relationship between Mets and mental illness and assesses which herbs may have properties that benefit both conditions. The research design and selection process were done among the mental disorder individuals with two sets of keywords and expanded controlled vocabulary phrases, nine databases for systematic literature searches, critical assessment of the papers obtained, and meta-analysis. Our findings suggest that the excess levels of inflammatory cytokines such as C-reactive protein, interleukin, and leptin resistance in MetS strongly correlate with MIs such as depression. The resulting cross-sectional pooled odds ratio was 1.75 (95% CI 1.60-1.92), indicating a strong relationship between Mets and MIs. This study provides an essential theoretical foundation for therapeutic options and prospective intervention methods for comorbid Mets and mental illness. Some herbs have a relevant effect in treating both cases, broadening the breadth of knowledge to guide future research on this topic.

Cuidado de enfermería del paciente con trastorno mental en atención domiciliaria: revisión narrativa / Nursing care of the patient with mental disorder in home care: narrative review

INTRODUCCIÓN: El manejo integral del paciente con trastorno mental desde enfermería, incluye abordajes que son llevados a cabo en la atención domiciliaria permitiendo así desarrollar actividades de valoración, seguimiento y atención al paciente y su familia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda estratégica en Medline, Epistemonikos, Base JBI, Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, utilizando los términos "mental disease", "mental illness", "homecare", "nursing". La extracción y análisis de los datos se dio acorde a los planteamientos del JBI, RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 25 artículos que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión y se clasificaron en 4 temas: 1. La experiencia del cuidado en el domicilio del paciente con trastorno mental. 2. Adherencia a la medicación de pacientes con trastorno mental que reciben tratamiento en casa. 3. El adulto mayor con trastorno mental y 4. Estrategias tecnológicas para dar atención domiciliaria al paciente con trastorno mental. CONCLUSIONES: Para abordar integralmente el cuidado del paciente con trastorno mental en el domicilio se deben incluir intervenciones de cuidado soportadas en la evidencia que incluyan la instrucción al cuidador familiar, por lo que es central el rol de enfermería teniendo en cuenta la creciente demanda de intervenciones domiciliarias en psiquiatría basadas en la evidencia, teniendo en cuenta el impacto de la trastorno mental, así como con los desafíos sociales y económicos que conlleva el padecer una trastorno mental para el paciente y su familia.

INTRODUCTION: The comprehensive management of the patient with mental disorder from nursing, includes approaches that are carried out in home care, thus allowing the development of assessment, monitoring and care activities for the patient and his family. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A strategic search was carried out in Medline, Epistemonikos, JBI Database, Virtual Health Library, using the terms "mental disease", "mental illness", "homecare", "nursing". The extraction and analysis of the data occurred according to the approaches of the JBI. RESULTS: 25 articles were identified that met the inclusion criteria and were classified into 4 themes: 1. The experience of care at home for patients with mental disorder. 2. Medication adherence of patients with mental disorder receiving treatment at home. 3. The elderly with mental disorder and 4. Technological strategies to provide home care to patients with mental disorder. CONCLUSIONS: In order to comprehensively address the care of patients with mental disorder at home, care interventions supported by evidence should be included, including instruction for the family caregiver, so the role of nursing is central, taking into account the growing demand for interventions evidence-based psychiatry home care, taking into account the impact of mental disease, as well as the social and economic challenges that mental disease entails for the patient and their family.

To Study The Relationship Of Classification Of Depressive Disorders With The Hahnemannian Concept Of Mental Illness

Background: Hahnemann (1996) has classified mental illnesses in a rather different way. Heunderstood the mental illness not very different in kind from the physical illness. He classified theillnesses on the principles of cause and effect and the dynamic shift of the illness from the body tomind or vice versa. Aim & Object: To classify patients suffering form Depressive Disorder as per DSM IVcriteria. To determine the relationship of this classification with that enunciated in the 215,216, 221 and225 aphorisms of Organon of Medicine. To evolve the totality of patients on the basis of the aboveevolved Hahnemannian classification of Depressive Disorders. To project a therapeutic plan based onthe finding in 1, 2 and 3 above. Material And Methods: Detailed interview focusing mainly uponsymptomatology for arriving at acomprehensive clinical diagnosis according to DSM IV. Studying theevolutionary pattern of the selected cases to understand them according to the Hahnemannianclassification. Correlating the therapeutic outcome with the principles used and thus discovering anycorrelation between the two approaches. Result and Conclusion: The conclusions range from theconceptual clarity of the applicability of the two systems of classification together to the specificunderstanding of the requirement of appropriate remedy in the appropriate potency and repetitionbased upon a collective understanding of the predisposing and maintaining causes and thesusceptibility. The importance of understanding of the susceptibility came out as the most importantaspect in the combination of the two systems of classification.

Hospitais de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico no sistema prisional: a morte social decretada? / Custody and Psychiatric Treatment Hospitals in the prison system: A social death decreed?

Resumo Este texto apresenta uma discussão a respeito das pessoas com transtorno mental em conflito com a lei no Brasil e os Hospitais de Custódia e Tratamento Psiquiátrico, instituições inseridas no sistema prisional e consideradas híbridas entre a saúde e a justiça. Ao apresentarmos a realidade no contexto nacional, evidenciamos que a Reforma Psiquiátrica não alcançou essas instituições e esses indivíduos seguem estigmatizados, tendo os seus direitos humanos violados. Fundamentamos a necessidade de avançarmos o debate e trazemos alguns questionamentos na tentativa de fomentar a criação de novas saídas para o enfrentamento do problema, bem como a garantia de cuidado em saúde bem estruturado e baseado em evidências científicas.

Abstract This text discusses people with mental disorders in conflict with the law in Brazil and the Custody and Psychiatric Treatment Hospitals, institutions included in the prison system and considered a hybrid between health and justice. When we present the reality in the national context, we show that the Psychiatric Reform did not reach these institutions, and these individuals continue to be stigmatized, and their human rights are violated. We substantiate the need to advance the debate and raise some questions to establish new solutions to tackle the issue and ensure well-structured, scientific evidence-based health care.

Transtornos mentais comuns durante a Pandemia da Covid-19: frequência e fatores associados / Common mental disorders during the COVID-19 Pandemic: frequency and associated factors / Trastornos mentales comunes durante la Pandemia de Covid-19: frecuencia y factores asociados

Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a frequência de sintomas de transtornos mentais comuns e os fatores associados a eles na população brasileira no início da pandemia da coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Uma amostra de 1.482 adultos, com idade média de 34,68 anos (DP = 13,66), 76,8% do sexo feminino, respondeu a um questionário sociodemográfico, à Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse ­ 21 (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 [DASS-21]) e à Escala de Atenção e Consciência Plena. Foram observados níveis elevados e atípicos de transtornos comuns, bem como automutilação, ideação suicida e tentativas de suicídio. O traço mindful foi o principal fator associado negativamente tanto a sintomas de ansiedade quantos a sintomas de depressão. Pior condição financeira e orientação sexual não normativa predisseram sintomas de ansiedade e depressão, mas não foram encontradas diferenças entre o grupo que seguiu e o que não seguiu as regras do distanciamento social. O efeito pandêmico pode ser inferido a partir dos níveis clínicos elevados, mas estudos longitudinais podem ajudar a compreender efeitos de longo prazo.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la frecuencia y factores asociados a los síntomas de trastornos mentales comunes en la población brasileña al comienzo de la pandemia de coronavirus disease 2019 (CO-VID-19). Una muestra de 1.482 adultos, con edad media de 34,68 años (DE = 13,66), 76,8% mujeres, res-pondieron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la Escala Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés ­ 21 (Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 [DASS-21]) y la Escala de Atención y Conciencia Plena. Se observaron niveles altos atípicos de trastornos comunes, así como automutilación, ideación suicida e intentos de suicidio. La atención plena fue el principal factor asociado negativamente tanto a los síntomas de ansiedad como a los síntomas de depresión. La peor situación económica y orientación sexual no normativa predijeron sínto-mas de ansiedad y depresión, pero no se encontraron diferencias entre el grupo que siguió y el que no si-guió las reglas del distanciamiento social. A partir de los altos índices clínicos, se puede inferir el efecto pandémico, pero estudios longitudinales podrían ayudar a comprender los efectos a largo plazo

This study aimed to assess the frequency and associated factors of symptoms of common mental disor-ders in the Brazilian population at the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A sample of 1,482 adults, with a mean age of 34.68 years (SD = 13.66 years), 76.8% female, answered a so-ciodemographic questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale. Atypical high levels of symptoms of common disorders were observed, as well as self-mutilation, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. The mindful trait was the main factor negatively associated with both anxiety and depression symptoms. Worse financial conditions and non-normative sexual orientation predicted symptoms of anxiety and depression, but no differences were found between the group that followed and the one that did not follow the social distancing measures. From the high clinical indices, the pandemic effect can be inferred, but longitudinal studies could help understand long-term effects.

Stress Resilience among caregivers of patients with mental illness during Covid 19 pandemic

Background: COVID 19 has brought daily life to a standstill for almost all population across the world. The pandemic is a source of unexpected stress. The pandemic is causing huge pressures on all people. Resilience can help us to get through and overcome stressful hardship. Methodology: The present qualitative descriptive study conducted among caregivers of patients with mental illness at the inpatient and outpatient department of Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi. The main objective of the study was to determine the level of stress resilience among caregivers of patients with mental illness. Secondary objectives were to find association of level of stress resilience among caregivers with various mental illness and to find the association of level of stress resilience and selected demographic characteristics. Tools used for data collection are Demographic data collection tool and Connor Davidson Stress Resilience scale. Totally 132 samples were collected using purposive sampling technique. Results: 4.54% of the respondents scores between 26 -50 points (first intermediate resilience), 53.78% of respondents scores between 51 -75 points (second intermediate resilience) and 41.66 % of respondents scores between 76- 100 points (highest resilience). None of the respondents shows lowest resilience (0-25 points). The study results reveal that most of the respondents shows second intermediate resilience towards stress. Conclusion: The study arouses a need for adopting coping strategies to improve the quality of life of caregivers. For improving the resilience, interventions like stress coping skill training or counseling services can be adopted.

A systematic review of community-based studies on mental health issues among tribal populations in India

Background & objectives: Globally, mental disorders are rising with increasing urbanization. India has the world’s second-largest tribal population and it is critical to appreciate the mental health problems in this population. However, the extent of mental health issues among tribal populations is unknown. Against this background, we systematically reviewed community-based studies on mental health issues among tribal populations in India. Methods: Online databases PubMed, Embase, ProQuest databases and Google Scholar were searched and articles published between January 1990 and May 2021 including primary community-based quantitative observational studies focused exclusively on tribal population were retrieved. PRISMA guidelines were followed and this review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020178099). Results: A total of 935 articles were identified, of which 63 were selected for full-text review, and finally, 11 studies were included. Seven studies examined alcohol use disorder with a pooled prevalence of 40 per cent. Two studies reported on suicidal attempts. A few studies mentioned anxiety, depression and other mental health conditions. Interpretation & conclusions: This systematic review established that a few community-based primary studies were conducted on mental health issues among tribal populations over the last three decades. Among these, fewer studies focused exclusively on tribal communities. The studies differed in their study design and the tools used. The findings of these investigations highlighted a limited range of mental health issues, primarily alcoholism, anxiety, depression and suicide.

Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic on adults: Time for a holistic approach

Background: COVID outbreak has escalated the burden of psychological distress and developing countries are struggling to manage cases and prevent deaths. To create a holistic approach its necessary to understand the psychological status during pandemic. Hence a study was conducted to evaluate psychological status of adults during COVID pandemic and to assess the relationship between psychological status and sociodemographic factors. Methods: Cross sectional study design and snow ball sampling technique was employed. The study was conducted on 647 adults using online based questionnaire distributed through the social media application and Email between April 2021 and june 2021. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety respectively along with Socio-demographic details and COVID-19 status. Results: 64.60% belonged to age group 18-24 years, 55.17% were females, 72% of them were unmarried and 61.8% were not working. Mean scores of PHQ-9 were 7.42�01 and GAD-7 was 5.78�23. There was a significant positive correlation between PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores. 13.44% of participants reported severe depression category and 6.64% reported severe anxiety. Significant higher grades of severe depression and anxiety was found among Age <25 years and who studied up to graduate compared to their counter parts (p<0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of anxiety and depression are high among general population during COVID pandemic. The psychological impact of COVID-19 on general population should be recognized as a public health priority by health care providers and policy makers who should urgently adopt strategies for a holistic approach in COVID pandemic.

An exploratory study using the OMI scale to assess the opinion toward mental illness among young adults

Background: Public perception of mental illness is critical for successful treatment seeking behaviour as well as for early diagnosis and surveillance of disease. Two hundred eleven young patients were interviewed at Department of psychiatry, Sir Sunderlal Hospital, Varanasi with the help of consecutive sampling method. Objective: To assess the opinion towards mental illness among young adults by using the opinion on mental illness scale (OMI). Methods: Data was collected using the opinion about mental illness scale (OMI) which consists of 51 questions out of which, 15 questions directly related to the cause, care, and management of mental illness were randomly selected and analyzed. Analysis was done showing Percentage and chisquare tests to see the significance of scores between the respondents. Results: The finding shows that more than 70% of respondents believe that mental illness is a consequence of bad behavior, lack of willpower, or negative beliefs and gap in the treatment seeking behavior and understanding the cause of disease was found. Conclusions: Opinions on Mental health have received increasing attention as a useful strategy to promote early identification of mental illness, reduce stigma and enhance help-seeking behaviors. As part of the National Mental Health Programme, there is a need to raise awareness in order to enhance understanding of mental illness in facilitating early diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Eating Behaviour and Body Mass Index of Patients with Severe Mental Illness Attending a Tertiary Hospital, Kochi, Kerala.

Background: Persons with severe mental illness are at increased risk of overweight and obesity both from the illness itself and from its treatment. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the eating behaviour and Body Mass Index (BMI) of patients with severe mental illness and to correlate these two variables. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at the psychiatry outpatient department of a tertiary hospital, Kochi, among 100 patients with severe mental illness who reported for follow up. Patients were interviewed individually after ethical procedures, using Personal information schedule and Three Factor Eating Questionnaire Revised-18, a standardized measure of eating behaviours. Anthropometric measurements were taken and BMI was calculated as per the WHO guideline for Asians. Results: The mean age and BMI of the sample were 49.5± 15.24 and 26.08 ± 4.79 kg/m2 respectively. Cognitive restraint was found to be the most frequently used eating behaviour (48%). Only 39% of the subjects had normal body weight. Overweight and obesity were observed in 39% and 19% respectively. BMI was positively correlated with uncontrolled eating (r=0.244, p<0.015), emotional eating (r=0.223, p<0.026) and eating behavior total score (r=0.293, p<0.003). Uncontrolled eating was high in patients who are non-vegetarian, taking thyroid medications and who reported parental obesity (p<0.05). Stepwise linear regressions revealed parental obesity as the most significant predictor of BMI (F=4.198, p<0.002). Conclusion: The chronic mentally ill require counseling and education about the role of eating behaviours in overweight and obesity and the ways of reducing body weight.

Stigma experienced by people with mental illness in South America: an integrative review

Introduction: People with mental illness are highly stigmatized by populations around the world and are perceived to be a burden on society. As a result of stigma, many people with mental illness are discriminated against, which leads to limited life opportunities. Given that beliefs about mental illness can vary based on culture, religion, nationality and ethnicity, it is important to understand the different types of mental illness-related stigma experienced around the world. Materials and Methods: Whittemore and Knafl's (2005) methodology for integrative reviews was used to analyze 18 studies about lived experiences of mental illness-related stigma in South America. Results: Findings suggest that certain types of stigma in South America are based on gender and social norms, such as the social position of men and women in society. This leads to discrimination, isolation and violence from family, intimate partners, friends, society and health professionals. Employment is also limited for South Americans with mental illness. Other consequences, such a self-stigma, also impact the lives of people with mental illness in many South American contexts. Discussion: Family, friendship and social relationships, including health professionals, can involve processes that lead to the stigma experienced by people with mental illness. Conclusion: This integrative review highlights how mental illness related-stigma impacts individuals in South America.

Introducción: Las personas con trastornos mentales están muy estigmatizadas por poblaciones de todo el mundo y son vistas como una carga para la sociedad. Muchas personas con trastornos mentales son discriminadas, lo que genera oportunidades de vida limitadas. Dado que las creencias sobre los trastornos mentales pueden variar según la cultura, la religión, la nacionalidad y la etnia, es importante comprender los diferentes tipos de estigma relacionados con el trastorno mental que se experimentan en todo el mundo. Materiales y métodos: Se utilizó la metodología de Whittemore y Knafl (2005) para revisiones integrativas para analizar 18 estudios sobre experiencias vividas de estigma relacionado con el trastorno mental en América del Sur. Resultados: Los resultados sugieren que ciertos tipos de estigma en América del Sur. se basan en normas sociales y de género, como la posición social de hombres y mujeres en la sociedad. Esto conduce a la discriminación, el aislamiento y la violencia por parte de la familia, la pareja íntima, los amigos, la sociedad y los profesionales de la salud. El empleo también es limitado para los sudamericanos con trastornos mentales. Otras consecuencias, como el autoestigma, también afectan la vida de las personas con trastornos mentales en muchos contextos sudamericanos. Discusión: Las relaciones familiares, de amistad y sociales, incluidos los profesionales de la salud, pueden involucrar procesos que conducen al estigma vivido por las personas con trastornos mentales. Conclusión: Esta revisión integradora destaca cómo el estigma relacionado con el trastorno mental afecta a las personas en América del Sur.

Introdução: Pessoas com transtornos mentais são altamente estigmatizadas por populações em todo o mundo e são vistas como um fardo para a sociedade. Como resultado do estigma, muitas pessoas com transtornos mentais são discriminadas, o que leva a oportunidades de vidas limitadas. Dado que as crenças sobre o transtorno mental podem variar de acordo com a cultura, religião, nacionalidade e etnia, é importante compreender os diferentes tipos de estigma relacionados ao transtorno mental vividos em todo o mundo. Objetivos e métodos: a metodologia de Whittemore e Knafl (2005) para revisões integrativas foi usada para analisar 18 estudos sobre experiências vividas de estigma relacionado ao transtorno mental na América do Sul. Resultados: os resultados sugerem que certos tipos de estigma na América do Sul são baseados em gênero e normas sociais, como a posição social de homens e mulheres na sociedade. Isso leva à discriminação, isolamento e violência por parte da família, de parceiros íntimos, amigos, sociedade e profissionais de saúde. O emprego também é limitado para sul-americanos com transtornos mentais. Outras consequências, como o autoestigma, também afetam a vida de pessoas com transtornos mentais em muitos contextos sul-americanos. Discussão: Relações familiares, de amizade e sociais, incluindo profissionais de saúde, podem envolver processos que levam aos estigma vivenciado por pessoas com transtornos mentais. Conclusão: Esta revisão integrativa destaca como o estigma relacionado ao transtorno mental afeta os indivíduos na América do Sul.

Relationship between depression and mental health literacy or attitude towards mental illness among grassroots administrators / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo understand the relationship between depression and mental health literacy or the attitude towards mental illness among grassroots administrators， in order to provide a reference for further improving mental health services and building a psychosocial service system. MethodsIn October 2020， a total of 690 grassroots administrators from street offices in Licheng district of Ji'nan city were selected as the research subjects. Self-designed general situation questionnaire， mental health care knowledge questionnaire， mental illness related attitude questionnaire and Self-rating Depression Scale （SDS） were used to evaluate. Multi-factor linear stepwise regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of mental health literacy and attitude towards mental illness among the grassroots administrators. ResultsA total of 248 people （37.07%） were found to have depression. There were significant differences in the detection rate of depression among different ages （χ2=16.110）， education level （χ2=18.949）， marital status （χ2=8.611） and position （χ2=11.584） （P˂0.05 or 0.01）. In such personnel， the score of mental health care knowledge questionnaire was （15.20±2.77）， the awareness rate was 75.99%， and the score of mental illness related attitude questionnaire was 36（31~38）. The severity of depression was negatively correlated with the score of mental health care knowledge questionnaire （r=-0.379， P˂0.01）， and positively correlated with the scores of mental illness related attitude questionnaire （r=0.103， P=0.007）. Regression analysis showed that the education level （β=0.141， P˂0.01） and the severity of depression （β=-0.305， P˂0.01） were the influencing factors of mental health literacy. And the severity of depression （β=0.083， P=0.034） was the influencing factor of the attitude towards mental illness. ConclusionGrassroots administrators has a high detection rate of depression. And the more depressed they are， the lower the mental health literacy， but the attitude of mental illness is more positive.

COVID-19 infection at a psychiatric hospital in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Clinical service planning and challenges

Background: South Africa had over 4 million cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections and more than 1 million COVID-19-related deaths. Despite the devastating psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is little qualitative, critical evaluation of government mental health services in this resource-limited setting. Aim: The authors describe the clinical service plan and response to the COVID-19 pandemic at a government psychiatric hospital. Setting: KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods: A descriptive narrative overview of the specialised psychiatric hospital's clinical response (April 2020 ­ March 2021) to the COVID-19 pandemic was undertaken in the following domains: screening policy; testing and swabbing policy; staff training and monitoring; and restructuring the wards to accommodate mental health care users (MHCUs) with suspected cases of COVID-19. Results: The in-depth narrative reviews led to the introduction of staff training, routine COVID-19 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing of all MHCUs, the creation of designated quarantine and isolation facilities and screening of physical health status of patients with COVID-19 prior to transfer being implemented to prevent an outbreak or increased morbidity or mortality. Conclusion: Implementing a service plan early which included staff training, screening and routine COVID-19 testing services for psychiatric admissions in a rapidly evolving environment with few additional resources was challenging. The absence of guidelines early in the pandemic that addressed the unique needs of a clinical psychiatric inpatient population is a noteworthy learning point. Contribution: The article highlights that the inpatient infrastructural requirements and clinical management protocols of acutely psychiatrically ill inpatients, in the context of infectious outbreaks, require dedicated task teams and bespoke policies.

Saúde mental e ambientes restauradores urbanos em tempos de covid-19 / Mental health and urban restorative environments during the COVID-19 / Santé mentale et environnements urbains réparateurs pendant le Covid-19 / Salud mental y ambientes urbanos restaurativos en tiempos de Covid-19

Resumo A pandemia de covid-19 impactou significativamente o estilo de vida das pessoas em todo o mundo. Esta pesquisa visa discutir a influência dos ambientes restauradores urbanos na saúde mental em tempos de pandemia. Trata-se de uma pesquisa básica de abordagem qualitativa, feita por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica. Os dados que orientaram o estudo contribuíram para a fase descritiva dos fenômenos e sua relação com a necessidade de aprimorar tendências biofílicas. A pesquisa apontou fortes correlações entre meio ambiente natural, saúde mental e qualidade de vida da população urbana. A pandemia também nos faz refletir sobre o modo de vida nas cidades e a forma como tratamos as questões ambientais. Diante deste cenário, notabiliza-se a importância do espaço natural na contribuição para a saúde mental da população urbana, minimizando o aparecimento das doenças mentais e dos prejuízos causados na qualidade de vida, acentuados pelo covid-19.

Abstract The COVID-19 Pandemic significantly affected people's lifestyles around the world. This qualitative study discusses the influence of urban restorative environments on mental health in times of pandemic. Data was collected by means of bibliographic research, to describe the phenomena related to the need to improve biophilic tendencies. Results showed strong correlations between the natural environment, mental health and quality of life of the urban population. The pandemic also questions how we live in cities and the way we treat environmental issues. Given this scenario, the natural environmental contributes greatly to the mental health of the urban population, minimizing the onset of mental illnesses and the damage to quality of life, accentuated by COVID-19.

Résumé La pandémie Covid-19 a affecté de manière significative le mode de vie des gens. Cette étude qualitative traite de l'influence des environnements urbains réparateurs sur la santé mentale en période de pandémie. Les données ont étés collectées par le biais d'une recherche bibliographique, afin de décrire les phénomènes liés à la nécessité d'améliorer les tendances biophiliques. Les résultats ont montré de fortes corrélations entre l'environnement naturel, la santé mentale et la qualité de vie de la population urbaine. La pandémie remet également en question la façon dont nous vivons dans les villes et la manière dont nous traitons les questions environnementales. Dans ce scénario, l'environnement naturel contribue grandement à la santé mentale de la population urbaine, en minimisant l'apparition de maladies mentales et l'atteinte à la qualité de vie, accentués par le Covid-19.

Resumen La pandemia del Covid-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en el estilo de vida de las personas en todo el mundo. Esta investigación busca discutir la relación de los ambientes restaurativos urbanos en la salud mental en tiempos de pandemia. Se trata de una investigación básica con enfoque cualitativo a través de una investigación bibliográfica. Los datos del estudio contribuyeron a la fase descriptiva de los fenómenos y su relación con la necesidad de mejorar las tendencias biofílicas. La investigación mostró fuertes correlaciones en cuanto a la importancia del ambiente natural, la salud mental y la calidad de vida de la población urbana. La pandemia también nos hace reflexionar sobre la forma de vida en las ciudades y la forma en que tratamos los temas ambientales. Ante este escenario, se destaca el espacio natural como importante para contribuir a la salud mental de la población urbana, minimizando la aparición de enfermedades mentales y los daños ocasionados a la calidad de vida agravados por el Covid-19.

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease among people with mental illness in Namibia

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) among people with mental illness attending the Mental Health Care Centre, Windhoek, Namibia Design: Observational, cross-sectional study. Setting: Mental health Care Centre, Windhoek Central Hospital. Namibia Participants: Adult patients with a mental illness attending the Mental Health Care Centre, Windhoek. Data collection: Within a systematic random sampling method, 385 adult patients with mental illness were recruited between May and December 2017. Statistical analysis: Validated assessment tools were used. Descriptive summary statistics and Chi-squared tests of association were conducted. Results: One-third (31.7%) of participants used alcohol, 21% used nicotine, 21.3% had hypertension, 55% were overweight or obese, 59.2% of females and 11.5% of males had abdominal obesity. About twenty per cent (19.9%) of participants did meet the World Health Organisation recommended level of activity, while more than two-thirds of participants did not participate in moderate or vigorous physical activities. The patient's psychiatric condition was significantly associated with alcohol use (Chi-square=20.450, p=0.002) and physical activity (Chi-square=20.989, p=0.002). The psychiatric condition was not associated with the waist circumference and gender of the participant. Conclusions: The increased prevalence of CVD risk factors in people with mental illness calls for mental health practitioners to screen, monitor and manage these risk factors regularly. Systematically screening and monitoring for cardiovascular risk factors is likely to contribute to National targets and significantly impact cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in people with mental illness

YU Tian-yuan's experience in the clinical application of Danzhong (CV 17) for mental illness / 中国针灸

To summarize YU Tian-yuan's experience of applying Danzhong (CV 17) for mental illness in acupuncture and tuina. YU Tian-yuan uses Danzhong (CV 17) alone or in combination with other acupoints to treat mental illnesses such as insomnia, palpitation and chest distress. Professor YU emphasizes 4 tips when treating diseases, nourishing the heart to tranquilize by light stimulation; regulating spirit by combined stimulation; leaving the acupoints and holding on the meridian for a wide range of stimulation; using rubbing and pushing manipulation in several directions for regulating qi to soothe the chest. And in clinical practice, formed a unique therapy to treat mental illness.

Um resgate de si: itinerário terapêutico de um caso de adoecimento mental relacionado ao trabalho / Rescuing yourself: therapeutic itinerary of a case of work-related mental illness

Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre o processo de reabilitação de adoecimento mental relacionado ao trabalho por meio da reconstituição do Itinerário Terapêutico de uma trabalhadora, evidenciando a importância dos serviços públicos de saúde. Mesmo diante do expressivo aumento dos casos de adoecimento mental e das evidências de relação com as condições e formas de organização do trabalho, raramente as situações laborais são consideradas nas avaliações dos serviços de saúde. Mesmo com o atual contexto de desmonte da saúde pública, existem exemplos de atuações exitosas, como a que discutimos aqui. Por meio de entrevista semidirigida com uma trabalhadora e construção do Itinerário Terapêutico, buscou-se compreender seu processo de adoecimento mental, a relação com o trabalho e o percurso de reabilitação. Os resultados demonstram a importância do entendimento do trabalho como determinante de saúde, da elaboração de projetos terapêuticos singulares e da atenção integral, revelando que a articulação em rede, o estabelecimento de vínculo e a busca pelo protagonismo do usuário são essenciais na atenção à saúde mental relacionada ao trabalho.

This article presents a reflection on the process of rehabilitation of work-related mental illness through the reconstitution of a worker's Therapeutic Itinerary, highlighting the importance of public health services. Even in the face of significant increase in cases of mental illness and evidence of a relationship with the conditions and forms of work organization, work situations are rarely considered in the assessments of health services. However, despite the current context of dismantling the public health system, there are examples of successful actions, such as the one we discussed here. Through a semi-directed interview with a worker and construction of the Therapeutic Itinerary, we sought to understand her mental illness process, the relationship with work and the path of rehabilitation. The results demonstrate the importance of understanding work as determinant of health, the development of unique therapeutic projects and comprehensive care, revealing that networking, establishing a bond and seeking the protagonism of the user are essential in work-related mental health care.